Parkinson`s disease – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment in the best clinics

What is Parkinson`s disease in simple words?

Parkinson`s disease is a disease of the nervous system that affects motor activity. This happens when the work of brain cells and neural connections that are responsible for controlling movement, disrupt their work, which leads to symptoms such as tremor, stiffness and difficulties with balance and coordination. It can also cause symptoms unrelated to movement, such as depression, anxiety, and memory problems.

What can not be done with Parkinson`s disease?

Some things can worsen the condition. Such things include:

Medications against Parkinson`s disease should not be stopped abruptly and in no case should such a decision be made without consulting a doctor, otherwise you may face a significant deterioration in the condition.

• Ignoring symptoms. It is important to monitor for any changes in symptoms and report them to the doctor, as they may indicate the need to adjust the treatment plan.
•  Lack of exercise. It has been proven that physical exercise is very useful, helping to improve balance, mobility and overall health.
• Skipping meals. Parkinson`s disease can affect digestion, so it`s important to eat regularly to maintain a healthy weight and prevent constipation.
• Taking any medications without consulting a doctor. Some medications, including some over-the-counter medications, may interact with Parkinson`s disease medications and worsen symptoms.
• Neglect of mental health. Parkinson`s disease can be emotionally complex, and it is important to prioritize mental health, seeking support from loved ones and specialists if necessary.
• Ignoring precautions: Parkinson`s disease can affect balance and coordination. Therefore, it is important to take precautions, such as using handrails and avoiding slippery surfaces.

Causes of Parkinson`s disease

The exact cause of the disease is not fully understood, but it is believed that it is a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Factors that may contribute to
the development of pathology, in descending order of importance:

• Genetics. Although in most cases the disease is not inherited, some genetic mutations are associated with an increased risk of developing this disease.
• Age: Parkinson`s disease is more common in people over the age of 60, although it can occur at a younger age.
• Environmental factors. Exposure to certain toxins, such as pesticides and herbicides, is associated with an increased risk of pathology.

Signs of Parkinson`s disease

Patients with Parkinson`s disease have such characteristic signs in the central
nervous system:

• Brain changes. Parkinson`;s disease is characterized by the loss of brain cells that produce dopamine. It is not yet clear what causes this loss, but it may be due to the accumulation in the brain of abnormal proteins called Levi`s corpuscles.
• Inflammation. Chronic inflammation in the brain is also considered a possible contributing factor to the development of Parkinson`s disease.

It is important to note that not everyone who is exposed to these risk factors will develop Parkinson`s disease. Some people with this disease, on the contrary, have no known risk factors.

Symptoms of Parkinson`s disease

Parkinson`s disease affects each person differently, and symptoms can vary greatly
in type and severity. The main symptoms:

• Tremor: Tremors or tremors in the arms, legs, or jaws are often among the first
  symptoms.
• Rigidity: Stiffness or stiffness in the limbs and torso can make movement difficult.
• Bradykinesia — slowness of movement is a hallmark of the disease. Tasks may take longer to complete, and movements may seem «sluggish» or «constrained».
• Postural instability — this term means a violation of balance and coordination, which leads to falls and difficulties in an upright position.
• Speech and writing changes. Parkinson`s disease often causes speech disorders, such as slurred or monotonous speech, and can also affect handwriting, making it smaller and more convulsive.
• Decreased sense of smell: decreased sense of smell is rarely mentioned in literary sources, but a common early symptom.
• Depression and anxiety. Parkinson`s disease can cause emotional changes such as depression, anxiety and irritability.
• Sleep problems. Parkinson s disease can cause insomnia, nightmares and other sleep disorders.
• Constipation. Parkinson`s disease can affect the digestive system, leading to constipation and other gastrointestinal problems.

It is important to note that not all people with the disease experience all of these symptoms, and over time, symptoms may vary in severity.

Diagnosis of Parkinson`s disease

Parkinson`s disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of dopamine—producing cells in the brain. There is no exact test for this disease, so the diagnosis is usually based on a combination of the patient`s medical history, neurological examination and certain diagnostic tests. For diagnostics , the
following are used:

• Medical history: it provides information about the symptoms, duration of the disease and the treatment received. If there have been cases of pathology in the family history, this is an additional argument in favor of making a diagnosis.
• Neurological examination: A doctor will conduct a medical examination to assess motor function, balance and coordination. The doctor may ask you to perform certain tasks, such as walking or writing, to assess movement and coordination.
• DaTscan is a type of imaging test that uses a radioactive indicator to detect dopamine transporters in the brain. Reduced absorption of the indicator may indicate the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells, which is a hallmark of Parkinson`s disease.
• Blood tests. Blood tests can help rule out other conditions whose symptoms may be similar to Parkinson`s disease, such as thyroid disease or vitamin deficiency.
• Testing with levodopa. Levodopa is a drug that can reduce the symptoms of the disease by increasing the level of dopamine in the brain. A positive response to levodopa can help confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson`s disease.

It is important to note that Parkinson`s disease is a complex disease, and diagnosis can be a difficult task. It is important to consult a doctor who has experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology, preferably in a medical center that specializes in the diagnosis of diseases of this kind.

Is it possible to determine Parkinson`s by a blood test?

Patients often make such a request. Currently, there is no specific blood test to diagnose Parkinson`s disease. It is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and signs, and the diagnosis is usually confirmed by a neurologist. However, blood tests can be useful to rule out other conditions that may have symptoms similar to Parkinson`s disease, such as thyroid disease or vitamin deficiency. Blood tests can also help monitor the progression of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Researchers are actively working to identify biomarkers in the blood that may be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson`s disease, but at the moment a blood test alone cannot confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson`s disease.

Effective treatment of Parkinson`s disease

Parkinson`s disease is a chronic progressive disease that is currently incurable. However, there are many treatments that can help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life of people with Parkinson`s disease. Treatment options may include:

• Medications. There are several medications that can help manage the motor symptoms of Parkinson`s disease, including levodopa, dopamine agonists, and MAO-B inhibitors. These medications work by increasing dopamine levels in the brain, which can improve motor function and reduce tremor and rigidity.
• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): DBS is a surgical procedure in which electrodes are implanted into the brain to stimulate certain areas. This can help alleviate motor symptoms such as tremor and rigidity. If the manifestations of pathology consist mainly in motor symptoms, after DBS, the patient can go into persistent
  long-term remission, practically without experiencing manifestations of the disease.
• Physical therapy. Physical therapy can help improve mobility, balance and coordination in people with Parkinson`s disease. It may include exercises to improve strength and flexibility, as well as strategies to reduce the risk of falls. This method of treatment is never used as an independent one.
• Speech therapy. Parkinson`s disease can cause speech difficulties, such as quiet or slurred speech. Speech therapy can help improve communication and reduce these symptoms. It is also an auxiliary therapeutic method.
• Occupational therapy. Occupational therapy can help maintain independence and improve their ability toperform everyday activities.
• Lifestyle changes. Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and enough sleep can help slow the development of symptoms. It is also important to avoid certain medications that may worsen symptoms, such as some antipsychotic medications.

The optimal treatment plan will depend on the person and their specific symptoms.

Modern methods of Parkinson`s treatment

Stem cell therapy is an area of active research in the treatment of Parkinson`s disease. The essence of stem cell therapy is to replace dopamine-producing cells that are lost in the disease with new cells derived from stem cells.
There are various types of stem cells that can be used for this purpose, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells.
Each type of stem cell has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of safety, effectiveness and availability.
Several clinical trials have been conducted to study the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in Parkinson`s disease.
In a phase 1 clinical trial published in 2011, researchers transplanted fetal brain stem cells into the brains of five patients with Parkinson`s disease. Patients had improved motor function and quality of life, but there were also some side effects, such as dyskinesia [1].
A phase 2 clinical trial published in 2017 examined the safety and efficacy of neural stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in the treatment of Parkinson`s disease. The study included 15 patients treated with stem cells and 13 patients treated with placebo. Stem cell treatment proved to be safe and well tolerated and resulted in some improvement in motor function compared to the placebo group [2].
Another phase 2 clinical trial published in 2018 examined the safety and efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of Parkinson`s disease. The study included 40 patients treated with stem cells and 20 patients treated with placebo. Stem cell treatment proved to be safe and well tolerated, and
motor function and quality of life improved somewhat compared to the placebo group [3].
Stem cell treatment involves transplanting stem cells into the brain to replace damaged or lost dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra (an area of the brain that is crucial for movement control). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for the transmission of signals between nerve cells that control movement. In Parkinson`s disease, the death of dopamine-producing cells leads to a shortage of dopamine in the brain, causing motor problems associated with the disease.
Stem cells are able to differentiate into various types of cells in the body, including neurons. Thus, stem cell therapy is aimed at replacing damaged or lost dopamine- producing cells in the substantia nigra with new, healthy dopamine-producing cells.
Stem cells are usually grown in a laboratory under controlled conditions before transplantation, and then implanted into the brain using stereotactic surgical technique, which involves the precise positioning of a needle or catheter in the target area of the brain. The procedure is usually performed under local anesthesia and while the patient is awake to provide feedback to the surgeon during the procedure.

What should I do to avoid getting Parkinson’s?

Although there is no guaranteed way to prevent the disease, there are some lifestyle factors that can reduce the risk of developing the disease or delay its onset.
Actions that can be taken to potentially reduce the risk:

• Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity is associated with a lower risk. It is necessary to try to devote at least 150 minutes a week to moderate-intensity physical exercises.
• Follow a healthy diet. Following a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean protein can help reduce the risk.
• Avoid toxins. Exposure to certain toxins, such as pesticides and industrial chemicals, is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson`s disease. Exposure to these substances should be limited whenever possible.
• Protect the head. Head injuries are associated with a higher risk of Parkinson`s disease. It is necessary to wear a helmet when participating in activities associated with the risk of head injury, such as cycling or skiing.
• Maintain a healthy weight: obesity is associated with an increased risk of disease. It is necessary to strive for a healthy body weight through a combination of a healthy diet and regular exercise.
• Quit smoking: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson`s disease, so quitting smoking can help reduce the risk.

Which people are susceptible to Parkinson`s disease?

Parkinson`s disease can affect people of all ages, but it is most often diagnosed in people over the age of 60. It is estimated that about 1% of people over the age of 60 suffer from Parkinson`s disease. This pathology is more common in men than in women, and is more common in people of European descent than in representatives of other ethnic groups.

What is the difference between Parkinson`s and Alzheimer`s?

Parkinson`s disease and Alzheimer`s disease are two different neurodegenerative diseases affecting the brain, but they have some important differences.
Parkinson`s disease primarily affects movement, whereas Alzheimer`s primarily
affects memory and cognitive function. In Parkinson`s disease, the primary symptoms include tremor, rigidity, and
slowness of movement (also known as bradykinesia). Other symptoms may include balance problems, difficulty walking, speech problems, and swallowing. This disease is caused by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, which leads to a shortage of dopamine, a neurotransmitter responsible for controlling
movement.
On the contrary, Alzheimer`s disease primarily affects memory and cognitive functions, and the main symptom is progressive memory loss. Other symptoms may include confusion, difficulty speaking, and difficulty performing everyday tasks. Alzheimer`s disease is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tangles of tau protein in the brain, which disrupt communication between nerve cells and cause damage to brain cells.
Although the symptoms of both diseases coincide to some extent, they are different disorders with different underlying causes and treatment approaches. A person can have both Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer`s disease at the same time, although this is relatively rare.

Our best specialist doctors

MedTour recommends Dr. Andrey Olegovich Kovalchuk (Ukraine) and Dr. Ivan Yurievich Badyin (Serbia) as specialists working with different areas of stem cell treatment, including Parkinson`s disease. They will be able to understand what type of stem cells you need, how many courses you will need and what result you can expect from treatment.

For a more detailed consultation, please contact the doctor-coordinator of MedTour. It`s free.