Gynecomastia

Gynecomastia is the most common disease of the mammary glands in men. It affects 50 to 65% of boys and men worldwide. Gynecomastia does not pose a serious health threat, however, its presence can lead to significant emotional and psychological problems in men.

What is gynecomastia in simple words?

Gynecomastia is an abnormal benign enlargement of one or both mammary glands in men resulting from abnormal growth of breast tissue. The main cause of the pathology is a hormonal imbalance between estrogens and androgens (male and female sex hormones).

How to understand if it’s gynecomastia or just fat?

Gynecomastia is often confused with excess fat on breasts. While these two problems may look similar on the outside, treatments for gynecomastia and excess breast fat are different.

Gynecomastia can be distinguished from breast fat by palpation. Adipose tissue in the area of ​​the mammary glands in men is soft and no different from the fat on the arms, abdomen, or other parts of the body. At the same time, the breasts with gynecomastia feel dense to the touch. At the initial stage, you can feel a hard lump under the skin in the nipple area.

There are also differences in the appearance of the breasts in these two conditions. With an excess of fat, the skin of the mammary glands is usually saggy, breasts look like a fold. In men with gynecomastia, mammary glands are more rounded and dense, similar to women’s. Also, due to excess estrogen, nipples can be enlarged.

An additional sign of gynecomastia is breast pain during palpation. With hormonal changes, a transformation of the breast tissue occurs, due to which it becomes sensitive. Excess fat in mammary glands does not cause these symptoms because it is no different from adipose tissue elsewhere in the body.

And the last specific sign of gynecomastia is excretion from the nipples. However, it is worth noting that this symptom is also characteristic of other diseases, such as pituitary tumors, breast cancer, and testosterone deficiency. Therefore, when excretion from nipples occurs, it is better to consult a doctor.

What is dangerous gynecomastia and how to avoid it?

By itself, gynecomastia is not dangerous to health, but it can be a manifestation of an underlying disease requiring treatment. For example, hormonal imbalances that can cause abnormal breast growth in men can be related to dysfunction of the thyroid, testicles, or pituitary gland. Therefore, the problem cannot be ignored.

As such, methods for the prevention of gynecomastia do not exist. A healthy balanced diet, physical activity, and avoidance of bad habits help to maintain a normal balance of hormones in the body. Sometimes the development of gynecomastia is associated with the use of drugs such as sex hormone preparations, anabolic steroids, some antidepressants, and anticancer drugs. Before starting treatment with such drugs, it is worth discussing possible side effects with your doctor.

Types of gynecomastia

There are two main forms of gynecomastia: true and false (pseudogynecomastia). In the first case, the mammary glands in a man increase as a result of hyperplasia (increase in the number of cells) of the lobar milk ducts and hypertrophy (increase in cell size) of the connective tissue of the breast. With pseudogynecomastia, the volume of the mammary glands becomes larger due to excessive deposition of fat in the subcutaneous tissue. This usually happens with obesity.

Some doctors distinguish 4 types of gynecomastia:

• true;
• mixed with a glandular component;
• mixed with a fat component;
• false.

With all of these types, there is an increase in breast size. Accurate determination of the type of gynecomastia allows the doctor to choose the most effective treatment method.

Gynecomastia in men

In men, gynecomastia is accompanied by uneven enlargement of the mammary glands. They become more dense, excretion can be observed from nipples. With gynecomastia, uneven development of testicles is also observed, and changes in the abdominal cavity and thyroid gland may be present.

Gynecomastia in men can be unilateral or bilateral. The bilateral version is more common and, in turn, is divided into symmetrical and asymmetric forms. Abnormal breast enlargement occurs in men of all ages: newborns, children, adolescents, and the elderly.

Gynecomastia in women

Translated from Latin, gynecomastia (gynes – woman, mastos – breast, mammary gland) means feminine breast. Therefore, this disease is considered purely male. However, relatively recently, scientists have found that women also have gynecomastia changes in the mammary glands. They are rarely detected – in 0.15% of cases of all lesions of the female breast.

Gynecomastia-like changes typically occur in young women (mean age of onset 32 years) and are small, palpable masses 3 to 5 cm in diameter. Mammography usually shows negative results or non-specific density. Morphologically, gynecomastia in women corresponds to fibrocystic changes, which were previously called mastopathy.

Symptoms and first signs of gynecomastia

The symptoms of gynecomastia are quite specific and have already been described above. The first signs of pathology include the appearance of a small seal in the nipple area. As gynecomastia progresses, tissue grows around the areolas. The nipples increase in size and become cone-shaped. Breast sensitivity varies. Some men complain of pain when touching the mammary glands, others experience discomfort even when the chest is rubbed against clothing.

Diagnosis of gynecomastia

As a rule, for the doctor to make a diagnosis, it is enough to study the patient’s medical history and physical examination, during which the specialist assesses the condition of the mammary glands, abdominal cavity, and genital organs. Since any lumps in the breast can be a sign of breast cancer, ultrasound, and mammography are also prescribed. If the examination reveals suspicious signs, the doctor may recommend an MRI and a biopsy (taking a small area of the neoplasm for histological analysis).

What tests should be done for gynecomastia?

During the diagnostic examination, the doctor may order an analysis of the level of testosterone and estrogen in the blood. An imbalance of these hormones is one of the main causes of gynecomastia. Doctors also sometimes order tests for other hormones, such as LH (luteinizing hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).

How to treat gynecomastia?

The choice of treatment method depends on the type and severity of the pathology. Pubertal (adolescent) gynecomastia resolves on its own within a few weeks to 3 years in about 90% of patients. Breasts larger than 4 cm in diameter may not completely regress.

In some cases, breast reduction in a man can be done by identifying and treating the underlying disease. If the cause of gynecomastia is hypogonadism (primary or secondary), testosterone replacement therapy is prescribed.

For patients with idiopathic (with no known cause) gynecomastia or with residual (after the underlying cause has been treated) gynecomastia, medical therapy or surgery may be considered.

The main factor that influences the choice of treatment method is the duration of the condition. The likelihood that drug therapy will help reduce breasts in the late fibrotic stage (with a disease duration of 12 months or more) is very small. Therefore, drugs are used only in the early stages of gynecomastia.

Photos before and after surgery for the treatment of gynecomastia

There are currently two options for surgical treatment:

• Liposuction. It is used for false gynecomastia. The essence of the operation is to remove excess adipose tissue.
• Mastectomy. With true gynecomastia, surgeons remove the glandular tissue of the breast.

Previously, mastectomy was a rather complicated and traumatic operation. With the development of plastic surgery, minimally invasive techniques have appeared in which glandular tissue is removed through small punctures. After such an operation, there are no noticeable scars and the patient does not need a long recovery.

How much does gynecomastia surgery cost?

The cost of the operation depends on the chosen surgical technique. Breast liposuction for false gynecomastia usually costs less than mastectomy. Prices for the procedure start at $750.

The cost of a mastectomy largely depends on the degree of prestige of the clinic and the fee of the plastic surgeon. Examples of prices for the treatment of gynecomastia in various clinics around the world:

• Quartz Clinic (Quartz Clinique) in Turkey – from $3.800;
• Clinic Adonis (Ukraine) – from $1.137;
• FORME clinic (Czech Republic) – from $1.840.

Medical coordinators of MedTour will help you choose the best clinic for the treatment of gynecomastia, taking into account your budget and personal wishes.

Is it possible to live with gynecomastia?

Gynecomastia is not a malignant disease and does not pose a threat to health, so it is possible to live with it. If breast enlargement is not associated with any serious underlying condition, medical or surgical treatment may not be necessary. However, for most men, gynecomastia is a serious cosmetic defect that has a negative impact on self-esteem and reduces the quality of life.

Currently, there are effective minimally invasive methods for removing enlarged mammary glands that allow to achieve excellent aesthetic results and do not require long-term recovery. Contact MedTour medical coordinator for a free consultation on new treatments for gynecomastia.

Best gynecomastia treatment clinics

The MedTour platform was created specifically to make it easier for patients to access the most modern and high-quality medical services. We cooperate with a huge number of clinics around the world. The medical coordinator of MedTour will help you choose the best medical center for the treatment of gynecomastia, taking into account your individual needs and wishes.

What kind of doctor treats gynecomastia?

If you suspect gynecomastia, you should first consult an endocrinologist. An endocrinologist will assess the level of hormones in the body and determine the cause of the disease. In the early stages, drug therapy is possible. The surgical treatment of gynecomastia is handled by a plastic surgeon. Depending on the type of pathological condition, the doctor will select the most effective surgical technique.

On the MedTour platform, you can find a large number of doctors who treat gynecomastia. Our medical coordinator will help you find the best specialist.

Published: 26.06.2023

Updated: 04.04.2025

Medical author, Medical editor:

Olena Kursabaieva

Medical author, Medical editor:

Natalia Segen